🚧 Add CA and server cert management

README.md

@@ -133,17 +133,25 @@ Hardening done beyond the plan:
 - [x] Broker reload (`mosquitto_signal config-reload` via sidecar)
 - [x] mosquitto-control service (validate / atomic activate / signal /
       broker health)
+- [x] CA creation — internal CA (RSA 3072/4096, ECDSA P-256/P-384),
+      private keys encrypted at rest (AES-256-GCM)
+- [x] Server certificate generation (CN, DNS/IP SANs, serverAuth EKU,
+      signed by a platform CA; PEM download)
+- [x] Certificate inventory (serial, fingerprint, SANs, status, expiry)
+- [x] TLS config generation: listeners with a bound certificate emit
+      certfile/keyfile/cafile; cert files are published to a shared
+      certs volume before the config is validated/activated
 - [ ] Configuration diff view (revision N-1 → N)
 - [ ] Configuration rollback (creates a new revision, §62)
 - [ ] Reload-vs-restart classification (§28) — only a restart warning on
       listener port/bind edits so far, no general classification
-- [ ] CA creation (internal CA, import CA)
-- [ ] Server certificate generation (CN, SANs, key algorithm)
+- [ ] CA import (existing external CA)
+- [ ] Root-key export + removal workflow (§18)
 - [ ] Client certificates (managed-key mode, one-time download)
 - [ ] CSR signing
 - [ ] Certificate revocation + CRL generation/publishing
-- [ ] mTLS listeners (model fields + config generation exist; blocked on
-      PKI — certfile/keyfile cannot be emitted yet)
+- [ ] mTLS listeners (model fields + config generation exist; binding a
+      certificate in the UI is the remaining step)
 
 ### Release 3 — Operations, safety, and visibility (§68.3) — PARTIAL
 

backend/Dockerfile

@@ -22,7 +22,8 @@ RUN pip install --no-cache-dir \
     "argon2-cffi>=23.1" \
     "paho-mqtt>=2.1" \
     "python-multipart>=0.0.17" \
-    "httpx>=0.28"
+    "httpx>=0.28" \
+    "cryptography>=43.0"
 
 # Source is plain files; uvicorn imports app.main from WORKDIR (/app).
 COPY . .

backend/app/config.py

@@ -27,6 +27,10 @@ class Settings(BaseSettings):
     session_secret: str = ""
     session_ttl_seconds: int = 60 * 60 * 8
 
+    # Private-key encryption at rest (spec section 43) — AES-256-GCM
+    # master key. Never stored in PostgreSQL.
+    secret_encryption_key: str = ""
+
     # Mosquitto management channel
     mosquitto_host: str = "mosquitto"
     mosquitto_mgmt_port: int = 1883

backend/app/configgen.py

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ from dataclasses import dataclass, field
 from sqlalchemy import select
 from sqlalchemy.orm import Session
 
-from app.models import BrokerSettings, ListenerConfig
+from app.models import BrokerSettings, Certificate, ListenerConfig
 
 _BOOL = {True: "true", False: "false"}
 
@@ -34,7 +34,9 @@ def _global_section(db: Session, warnings: list[str]) -> list[str]:
     return lines
 
 
-def _listener_block(listener: ListenerConfig, warnings: list[str]) -> list[str]:
+def _listener_block(
+    listener: ListenerConfig, db: Session, warnings: list[str]
+) -> list[str]:
     lines: list[str] = []
     if not listener.enabled:
         return lines
@@ -51,11 +53,31 @@ def _listener_block(listener: ListenerConfig, warnings: list[str]) -> list[str]:
     if listener.max_connections != -1:
         lines.append(f"max_connections {listener.max_connections}")
     if listener.tls_enabled:
-        # TLS blocks only become valid once PKI ships (Release 2); we
-        # generate them now so the model is forward-compatible, but warn.
+        # Real PKI material (spec section 30): when a certificate is bound,
+        # the deploy pipeline publishes cert/key/CA files under
+        # /mosquitto/certs/<id>.crt|key BEFORE the config referencing
+        # them is activated, so validation sees real files.
+        cert = db.get(Certificate, listener.cert_id) if listener.cert_id else None
+        ca = db.get(Certificate, cert.parent_id) if cert and cert.parent_id else None
+        if cert is not None:
+            cert_dir = "/mosquitto/certs"
+            lines.append(f"certfile {cert_dir}/{cert.id}.crt")
+            lines.append(f"keyfile {cert_dir}/{cert.id}.key")
+            if ca is not None:
+                lines.append(f"cafile {cert_dir}/{ca.id}.crt")
+            if listener.tls_min_version:
+                lines.append(f"tls_version {listener.tls_min_version}")
+            if listener.require_certificate:
+                lines.append("require_certificate true")
+            if listener.use_identity_as_username:
+                lines.append("use_identity_as_username true")
+        else:
+            # TLS requested but no certificate bound: forward-compatible
+            # block without certfile/keyfile, with an actionable warning.
             warnings.append(
-            f"listener '{listener.name}': TLS requested but PKI is not "
-            "available in Release 1; certfile/keyfile not set"
+                f"listener '{listener.name}': TLS requested but no certificate "
+                "is bound; certfile/keyfile not set. Issue a server certificate "
+                "and bind it to this listener."
             )
             if listener.tls_min_version:
                 lines.append(f"tls_version {listener.tls_min_version}")
@@ -101,7 +123,7 @@ def generate_config(db: Session) -> GenerationResult:
     if enabled:
         lines.append("# --- Listeners ---")
         for listener in enabled:
-            block = _listener_block(listener, warnings)
+            block = _listener_block(listener, db, warnings)
             if block:
                 lines.append(f"# listener: {listener.name}")
                 lines.extend(block)

backend/app/crypto.py

@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+"""Key encryption at rest (spec sections 43-44).
+
+Private keys that the platform must keep (CA and server keys) are stored
+in PostgreSQL ONLY in encrypted form, using AES-256-GCM authenticated
+encryption. The master key comes from the SECRET_ENCRYPTION_KEY
+environment variable (Docker secret in production) and never touches
+the database.
+
+Wire format: "v1:<nonce-hex>:<ciphertext-hex>" — the version prefix
+keeps the format evolvable without breaking existing rows.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import os
+
+from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.ciphers.aead import AESGCM
+
+from app.config import get_settings
+
+_FORMAT = "v1"
+
+
+def _master_key() -> bytes:
+    """Derive the 32-byte AES key from the configured secret.
+
+    The secret is hashed to exactly 32 bytes (AES-256) regardless of the
+    length the operator chose for SECRET_ENCRYPTION_KEY.
+    """
+    import hashlib
+
+    secret = get_settings().secret_encryption_key.encode("utf-8")
+    return hashlib.sha256(secret).digest()
+
+
+def encrypt_secret(plaintext: str) -> str:
+    """Encrypt a PEM string into the storage format."""
+    nonce = os.urandom(12)  # 96-bit nonce, GCM standard
+    aesgcm = AESGCM(_master_key())
+    ciphertext = aesgcm.encrypt(nonce, plaintext.encode("utf-8"), None)
+    return f"{_FORMAT}:{nonce.hex()}:{ciphertext.hex()}"
+
+
+def decrypt_secret(blob: str) -> str:
+    """Decrypt a stored secret back to plaintext PEM."""
+    try:
+        version, nonce_hex, ciphertext_hex = blob.split(":", 2)
+    except ValueError as exc:
+        raise ValueError("corrupt secret blob: bad format") from exc
+    if version != _FORMAT:
+        raise ValueError(f"unsupported secret blob version: {version}")
+    aesgcm = AESGCM(_master_key())
+    try:
+        plaintext = aesgcm.decrypt(
+            bytes.fromhex(nonce_hex), bytes.fromhex(ciphertext_hex), None
+        )
+    except Exception as exc:
+        raise ValueError("secret decryption failed (wrong master key?)") from exc
+    return plaintext.decode("utf-8")

backend/app/main.py

@@ -125,9 +125,10 @@ def health_ready():
 
 
 # Routers
-from app.routers import auth, broker, mqtt, users  # noqa: E402
+from app.routers import auth, broker, mqtt, pki, users  # noqa: E402
 
 app.include_router(auth.router)
 app.include_router(users.router)
 app.include_router(mqtt.router)
 app.include_router(broker.router)
+app.include_router(pki.router)

backend/app/models.py

@@ -150,15 +150,36 @@ class ConfigRevision(Base):
 
 
 class Certificate(Base):
+    """A CA or leaf certificate in the platform PKI store (spec 16-21).
+
+    Hierarchy: a CA row has is_ca=True and parent_id=None (internal
+    self-signed root/intermediate, Release 2 MVP keeps exactly one level).
+    A leaf row points at the CA that signed it. Private keys are stored
+    ENCRYPTED (AES-256-GCM, see app/crypto.py) — never in plaintext.
+    """
+
     __tablename__ = "certificates"
 
     id: Mapped[uuid.UUID] = mapped_column(primary_key=True, default=uuid.uuid4)
     common_name: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String(200))
     certificate_pem: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(Text)
-    # Encrypted at rest (AES-256-GCM) once keys are managed (Release 2).
+    # Encrypted at rest (AES-256-GCM via app/crypto.py), spec section 43.
     private_key_pem: Mapped[str | None] = mapped_column(Text)
     expiry_date: Mapped[datetime] = mapped_column(DateTime(timezone=True))
     created_at: Mapped[datetime] = mapped_column(DateTime(timezone=True), default=utcnow)
+    # --- Release 2 additions ---
+    is_ca: Mapped[bool] = mapped_column(Boolean, default=False)
+    # CA that signed this certificate (None for self-signed CAs).
+    parent_id: Mapped[uuid.UUID | None] = mapped_column(
+        ForeignKey("certificates.id", ondelete="SET NULL")
+    )
+    key_algorithm: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String(20), default="ecdsa-p256")
+    serial_number: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String(64), unique=True, index=True)
+    dns_sans: Mapped[list] = mapped_column(JSON, default=list)
+    ip_sans: Mapped[list] = mapped_column(JSON, default=list)
+    fingerprint: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String(200), index=True)
+    # issued|expired|revoked — derived/stored at issue time and on expiry checks
+    status: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String(20), default="issued")
 
 
 # --------------------------------------------------------------------------

backend/app/pki.py

@@ -0,0 +1,223 @@
+"""PKI operations: internal CA + server certificate issuance (spec 16-19).
+
+All private-key and signing operations happen here, in the backend —
+the frontend only triggers them (spec section 16). Keys are returned in
+PEM form to the storage layer, which encrypts them at rest (spec 43).
+
+Release 2 MVP scope:
+  * create an internal CA (RSA 3072/4096, ECDSA P-256/P-384)
+  * issue a server certificate from that CA (CN + DNS/IP SANs, serverAuth)
+CSR signing, client certificates, revocation/CRL arrive later.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import datetime
+import uuid
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+
+from cryptography import x509
+from cryptography.hazmat.primitives import hashes, serialization
+from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.asymmetric import ec, ed448, ed25519, rsa
+from cryptography.x509.oid import NameOID
+
+# Key algorithms supported for both CAs and leaf certificates (spec 17).
+KEY_ALGORITHMS = ("rsa3072", "rsa4096", "ecdsa-p256", "ecdsa-p384")
+
+
+class PkiError(ValueError):
+    """Invalid PKI request (bad algorithm, empty subject, ...)."""
+
+
+def _generate_key(algorithm: str):
+    """Generate a private key for the given algorithm identifier."""
+    if algorithm == "rsa3072":
+        return rsa.generate_private_key(public_exponent=65537, key_size=3072)
+    if algorithm == "rsa4096":
+        return rsa.generate_private_key(public_exponent=65537, key_size=4096)
+    if algorithm == "ecdsa-p256":
+        return ec.generate_private_key(ec.SECP256R1())
+    if algorithm == "ecdsa-p384":
+        return ec.generate_private_key(ec.SECP384R1())
+    raise PkiError(
+        f"unsupported key algorithm {algorithm!r}; expected one of {KEY_ALGORITHMS}"
+    )
+
+
+def _name(common_name: str, organization: str | None, unit: str | None,
+          country: str | None) -> x509.Name:
+    attrs = [x509.NameAttribute(NameOID.COMMON_NAME, common_name)]
+    if organization:
+        attrs.append(x509.NameAttribute(NameOID.ORGANIZATION_NAME, organization))
+    if unit:
+        attrs.append(x509.NameAttribute(NameOID.ORGANIZATIONAL_UNIT_NAME, unit))
+    if country:
+        attrs.append(x509.NameAttribute(NameOID.COUNTRY_NAME, country))
+    return x509.Name(attrs)
+
+
+def _pem_key(key) -> str:
+    return key.private_bytes(
+        encoding=serialization.Encoding.PEM,
+        format=serialization.PrivateFormat.PKCS8,
+        encryption_algorithm=serialization.NoEncryption(),
+    ).decode("utf-8")
+
+
+def _pem_cert(cert: x509.Certificate) -> str:
+    return cert.public_bytes(serialization.Encoding.PEM).decode("utf-8")
+
+
+def _serial() -> int:
+    # Positive, 159-bit (20-byte) random serial per RFC 5280 conventions.
+    return int.from_bytes(uuid.uuid4().bytes[:20], "big") >> 1
+
+
+def _not_after(now: datetime.datetime, validity_days: int) -> datetime.datetime:
+    if validity_days <= 0:
+        raise PkiError("validity must be a positive number of days")
+    return now + datetime.timedelta(days=validity_days)
+
+
+@dataclass
+class IssuedPair:
+    """A certificate + its private key, both as PEM text."""
+
+    certificate_pem: str
+    private_key_pem: str
+    serial_number: int
+    not_valid_after: datetime.datetime
+
+
+def create_ca(
+    *,
+    common_name: str,
+    validity_days: int,
+    key_algorithm: str,
+    organization: str | None = None,
+    organizational_unit: str | None = None,
+    country: str | None = None,
+) -> IssuedPair:
+    """Create a self-signed CA certificate (spec section 17)."""
+    if not common_name.strip():
+        raise PkiError("common name must not be empty")
+    now = datetime.datetime.now(datetime.UTC)
+    key = _generate_key(key_algorithm)
+    subject = issuer = _name(common_name, organization, organizational_unit, country)
+    cert = (
+        x509.CertificateBuilder()
+        .subject_name(subject)
+        .issuer_name(issuer)
+        .public_key(key.public_key())
+        .serial_number(_serial())
+        .not_valid_before(now - datetime.timedelta(minutes=5))  # clock skew
+        .not_valid_after(_not_after(now, validity_days))
+        .add_extension(x509.BasicConstraints(ca=True, path_length=None), critical=True)
+        .add_extension(x509.KeyUsage(
+            digital_signature=True,
+            content_commitment=False,
+            key_encipherment=False,
+            data_encipherment=False,
+            key_agreement=False,
+            key_cert_sign=True,
+            crl_sign=True,
+            encipher_only=False,
+            decipher_only=False,
+        ), critical=True)
+        .sign(key, hashes.SHA256())
+    )
+    return IssuedPair(
+        certificate_pem=_pem_cert(cert),
+        private_key_pem=_pem_key(key),
+        serial_number=cert.serial_number,
+        not_valid_after=cert.not_valid_after_utc,
+    )
+
+
+def issue_server_certificate(
+    *,
+    ca_certificate_pem: str,
+    ca_private_key_pem: str,
+    common_name: str,
+    validity_days: int,
+    dns_sans: list[str] | None = None,
+    ip_sans: list[str] | None = None,
+    organization: str | None = None,
+    organizational_unit: str | None = None,
+    country: str | None = None,
+) -> IssuedPair:
+    """Issue a server certificate signed by the given CA (spec section 19).
+
+    The certificate carries the serverAuth extended key usage and the
+    CN plus any DNS/IP SANs — exactly what a Mosquitto TLS listener needs.
+    """
+    if not common_name.strip():
+        raise PkiError("common name must not be empty")
+    dns_sans = [s.strip() for s in (dns_sans or []) if s.strip()]
+    ip_sans = [s.strip() for s in (ip_sans or []) if s.strip()]
+
+    ca_cert = x509.load_pem_x509_certificate(ca_certificate_pem.encode("utf-8"))
+    ca_key = serialization.load_pem_private_key(
+        ca_private_key_pem.encode("utf-8"), password=None
+    )
+    # Type narrowing for the checker: certificate signing requires an
+    # RSA/EC/Ed25519/Ed448 key — DH/DSA keys load but cannot sign certs.
+    if not isinstance(
+        ca_key,
+        (
+            rsa.RSAPrivateKey,
+            ec.EllipticCurvePrivateKey,
+            ed25519.Ed25519PrivateKey,
+            ed448.Ed448PrivateKey,
+        ),
+    ):
+        raise PkiError("the CA private key type cannot sign certificates")
+
+    # The leaf key is always ECDSA P-256 for Release 2: fast to generate,
+    # modern, and universally supported by MQTT clients.
+    key = _generate_key("ecdsa-p256")
+    now = datetime.datetime.now(datetime.UTC)
+    subject = _name(common_name, organization, organizational_unit, country)
+
+    san_entries: list[x509.GeneralName] = [x509.DNSName(common_name)]
+    for name in dns_sans:
+        san_entries.append(x509.DNSName(name))
+    for ip in ip_sans:
+        try:
+            import ipaddress
+
+            san_entries.append(x509.IPAddress(ipaddress.ip_address(ip)))
+        except ValueError as exc:
+            raise PkiError(f"invalid IP SAN {ip!r}") from exc
+
+    cert = (
+        x509.CertificateBuilder()
+        .subject_name(subject)
+        .issuer_name(ca_cert.subject)
+        .public_key(key.public_key())
+        .serial_number(_serial())
+        .not_valid_before(now - datetime.timedelta(minutes=5))
+        .not_valid_after(_not_after(now, validity_days))
+        .add_extension(
+            x509.SubjectAlternativeName(san_entries), critical=False
+        )
+        .add_extension(
+            x509.ExtendedKeyUsage([x509.oid.ExtendedKeyUsageOID.SERVER_AUTH]),
+            critical=False,
+        )
+        .add_extension(x509.BasicConstraints(ca=False, path_length=None), critical=True)
+        .sign(ca_key, hashes.SHA256())
+    )
+    return IssuedPair(
+        certificate_pem=_pem_cert(cert),
+        private_key_pem=_pem_key(key),
+        serial_number=cert.serial_number,
+        not_valid_after=cert.not_valid_after_utc,
+    )
+
+
+def fingerprint(certificate_pem: str) -> str:
+    """SHA-256 fingerprint of a certificate, colon-separated hex."""
+    cert = x509.load_pem_x509_certificate(certificate_pem.encode("utf-8"))
+    digest = cert.fingerprint(hashes.SHA256())
+    return ":".join(f"{b:02x}" for b in digest)

backend/app/routers/broker.py

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ an immutable revision (spec section 26).
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
+import os
 import uuid
 from datetime import UTC, datetime
 from typing import Annotated
@@ -24,6 +25,7 @@ from app.db import get_db
 from app.deps import CurrentUser, require_roles
 from app.models import (
     BrokerSettings,
+    Certificate,
     ConfigRevision,
     ListenerConfig,
     ManagementRole,
@@ -207,6 +209,51 @@ def upsert_setting(
 # --- Generation, validation, deployment ----------------------------------------
 
 
+# The sidecar and broker share the mosquitto_certs volume; the backend
+# publishes the DECRYPTED material there because Mosquitto needs
+# plaintext files (uid 1883, mode 600). The DB keeps the encrypted master.
+CERTS_DIR = os.environ.get("MOSQUITTO_CERTS_DIR", "/mosquitto/certs")
+
+
+def _publish_certificates(db: Session) -> None:
+    """Write cert/key/CA files for every TLS listener's bound certificate.
+
+    Must run BEFORE the config referencing them is validated/activated,
+    otherwise `mosquitto --test-config` fails on missing files.
+    """
+    listeners = db.scalars(
+        select(ListenerConfig).where(ListenerConfig.tls_enabled.is_(True))
+    ).all()
+    seen: set[uuid.UUID] = set()
+    for listener in listeners:
+        if listener.cert_id is None or listener.cert_id in seen:
+            continue
+        seen.add(listener.cert_id)
+        cert = db.get(Certificate, listener.cert_id)
+        if cert is None or cert.private_key_pem is None:
+            continue  # nothing to publish (warned about in configgen)
+        os.makedirs(CERTS_DIR, exist_ok=True)
+        cert_path = os.path.join(CERTS_DIR, f"{cert.id}.crt")
+        with open(cert_path, "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
+            f.write(cert.certificate_pem)
+        os.chmod(cert_path, 0o644)
+        # Private key: decrypted for the broker (DB keeps the AES-GCM copy)
+        from app.crypto import decrypt_secret
+
+        key_path = os.path.join(CERTS_DIR, f"{cert.id}.key")
+        with open(key_path, "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
+            f.write(decrypt_secret(cert.private_key_pem))
+        os.chmod(key_path, 0o600)
+        # Issuing CA certificate (for cafile)
+        if cert.parent_id is not None:
+            ca = db.get(Certificate, cert.parent_id)
+            if ca is not None:
+                ca_path = os.path.join(CERTS_DIR, f"{ca.id}.crt")
+                with open(ca_path, "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
+                    f.write(ca.certificate_pem)
+                os.chmod(ca_path, 0o644)
+
+
 @router.get("/config/preview", response_model=ConfigPreviewOut)
 def preview_config(
     db: Annotated[Session, Depends(get_db)], _user: AnyReader
@@ -235,7 +282,8 @@ def deploy_config(
     db: Annotated[Session, Depends(get_db)],
     user: BrokerAdmin,
 ):
-    """Generate -> validate -> activate + reload -> record revision."""
+    """Generate -> publish certs -> validate -> activate + reload -> revision."""
+    _publish_certificates(db)
     result = generate_config(db)
     response = _call_control("/deploy", json_body={"content": result.config_text})
     if response.get("status") != "deployed":

backend/app/routers/pki.py

@@ -0,0 +1,231 @@
+"""PKI management: internal CA + server certificates (spec sections 16-19).
+
+All endpoints require the PKI_ADMIN role (or super_admin). Private keys
+never appear in any response — the PEM download endpoints expose only
+the public certificate material.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import uuid
+from typing import Annotated
+
+from fastapi import APIRouter, Depends, HTTPException, Request, status
+from fastapi.responses import PlainTextResponse
+from sqlalchemy import select
+from sqlalchemy.orm import Session
+
+from app import audit
+from app.crypto import encrypt_secret
+from app.db import get_db
+from app.deps import require_roles
+from app.models import Certificate, ManagementRole
+from app.pki import (
+    PkiError,
+    create_ca as pki_create_ca,
+    fingerprint as pki_fingerprint,
+    issue_server_certificate,
+)
+from app.schemas import CaCreate, CertificateOut, ServerCertCreate
+
+router = APIRouter(prefix="/api/v1/pki", tags=["pki"])
+
+PkiAdmin = Annotated[
+    object, Depends(require_roles(ManagementRole.PKI_ADMIN))
+]
+DbDep = Annotated[Session, Depends(get_db)]
+
+
+def _get_certificate(db: Session, cert_id: uuid.UUID) -> Certificate:
+    cert = db.get(Certificate, cert_id)
+    if cert is None:
+        raise HTTPException(status.HTTP_404_NOT_FOUND, "certificate not found")
+    return cert
+
+
+@router.get("/ca", response_model=list[CertificateOut])
+def list_cas(db: DbDep, _user: PkiAdmin):
+    """All certificate authorities in the store."""
+    return db.scalars(
+        select(Certificate).where(Certificate.is_ca.is_(True))
+    ).all()
+
+
+@router.post("/ca", response_model=CertificateOut, status_code=201)
+def create_ca(body: CaCreate, request: Request, db: DbDep, _user: PkiAdmin):
+    """Create a self-signed internal CA (spec section 17)."""
+    try:
+        issued = pki_create_ca(
+            common_name=body.common_name,
+            validity_days=body.validity_days,
+            key_algorithm=body.key_algorithm,
+            organization=body.organization,
+            organizational_unit=body.organizational_unit,
+            country=body.country,
+        )
+    except PkiError as exc:
+        raise HTTPException(status.HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST, str(exc)) from exc
+
+    ca = Certificate(
+        common_name=body.common_name,
+        certificate_pem=issued.certificate_pem,
+        private_key_pem=encrypt_secret(issued.private_key_pem),
+        expiry_date=issued.not_valid_after,
+        is_ca=True,
+        key_algorithm=body.key_algorithm,
+        serial_number=str(issued.serial_number),
+        dns_sans=[],
+        ip_sans=[],
+        fingerprint=pki_fingerprint(issued.certificate_pem),
+        status="issued",
+    )
+    db.add(ca)
+    db.flush()
+    audit.record(
+        db,
+        "CA_CREATED",
+        request=request,
+        object_type="certificate_authority",
+        object_id=str(ca.id),
+        new_value={"common_name": body.common_name},
+    )
+    return ca
+
+
+@router.get("/certificates", response_model=list[CertificateOut])
+def list_certificates(db: DbDep, _user: PkiAdmin):
+    """Full certificate inventory (spec section 21), newest first."""
+    return db.scalars(
+        select(Certificate).order_by(Certificate.created_at.desc())
+    ).all()
+
+
+@router.post("/certificates", response_model=CertificateOut, status_code=201)
+def issue_certificate(
+    body: ServerCertCreate, request: Request, db: DbDep, _user: PkiAdmin
+):
+    """Issue a server certificate signed by the given CA (spec section 19)."""
+    from app.crypto import decrypt_secret
+
+    ca = _get_certificate(db, body.ca_id)
+    if not ca.is_ca:
+        raise HTTPException(
+            status.HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST, "the referenced certificate is not a CA"
+        )
+    if ca.private_key_pem is None:
+        raise HTTPException(
+            status.HTTP_409_CONFLICT,
+            "the CA private key is not held by the platform (offline CA); "
+            "it cannot issue certificates",
+        )
+    try:
+        ca_key_pem = decrypt_secret(ca.private_key_pem)
+    except ValueError as exc:
+        raise HTTPException(
+            status.HTTP_500_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR,
+            f"could not decrypt the CA key: {exc}",
+        ) from exc
+
+    try:
+        issued = issue_server_certificate(
+            ca_certificate_pem=ca.certificate_pem,
+            ca_private_key_pem=ca_key_pem,
+            common_name=body.common_name,
+            validity_days=body.validity_days,
+            dns_sans=body.dns_sans,
+            ip_sans=body.ip_sans,
+            organization=body.organization,
+            organizational_unit=body.organizational_unit,
+            country=body.country,
+        )
+    except PkiError as exc:
+        raise HTTPException(status.HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST, str(exc)) from exc
+
+    cert = Certificate(
+        common_name=body.common_name,
+        certificate_pem=issued.certificate_pem,
+        private_key_pem=encrypt_secret(issued.private_key_pem),
+        expiry_date=issued.not_valid_after,
+        is_ca=False,
+        parent_id=ca.id,
+        key_algorithm="ecdsa-p256",
+        serial_number=str(issued.serial_number),
+        dns_sans=body.dns_sans,
+        ip_sans=body.ip_sans,
+        fingerprint=pki_fingerprint(issued.certificate_pem),
+        status="issued",
+    )
+    db.add(cert)
+    db.flush()
+    audit.record(
+        db,
+        "CERTIFICATE_ISSUED",
+        request=request,
+        object_type="certificate",
+        object_id=str(cert.id),
+        new_value={
+            "common_name": body.common_name,
+            "ca": ca.common_name,
+            "dns_sans": body.dns_sans,
+        },
+    )
+    return cert
+
+
+@router.get(
+    "/certificates/{cert_id}/download",
+    response_class=PlainTextResponse,
+)
+def download_certificate(cert_id: uuid.UUID, db: DbDep, _user: PkiAdmin):
+    """Download the certificate (public part only) as PEM."""
+    cert = _get_certificate(db, cert_id)
+    return PlainTextResponse(
+        cert.certificate_pem,
+        media_type="application/x-pem-file",
+        headers={
+            "Content-Disposition": f'attachment; filename="{cert.common_name}.crt"'
+        },
+    )
+
+
+@router.delete(
+    "/certificates/{cert_id}", status_code=status.HTTP_204_NO_CONTENT
+)
+def delete_certificate(
+    cert_id: uuid.UUID, request: Request, db: DbDep, _user: PkiAdmin
+):
+    """Remove a certificate from the store.
+
+    CAs with still-issued children are refused, and a certificate that a
+    listener is bound to cannot be deleted (the generated config would
+    reference a missing file).
+    """
+    cert = _get_certificate(db, cert_id)
+    if cert.is_ca:
+        children = db.scalar(
+            select(Certificate.id).where(Certificate.parent_id == cert.id)
+        )
+        if children is not None:
+            raise HTTPException(
+                status.HTTP_409_CONFLICT,
+                "the CA still has issued certificates; delete them first",
+            )
+    from app.models import ListenerConfig
+
+    bound = db.scalar(
+        select(ListenerConfig.id).where(ListenerConfig.cert_id == cert.id)
+    )
+    if bound is not None:
+        raise HTTPException(
+            status.HTTP_409_CONFLICT,
+            "the certificate is bound to a listener; unbind it first",
+        )
+    db.delete(cert)
+    audit.record(
+        db,
+        "CERTIFICATE_DELETED",
+        request=request,
+        object_type="certificate",
+        object_id=str(cert_id),
+    )
+    return None

backend/app/schemas.py

@@ -235,3 +235,47 @@ class RevisionOut(BaseModel):
 class RevisionDetailOut(RevisionOut):
     config_text: str
     validation_result: dict[str, Any]
+
+
+# --- PKI: certificate authorities + server certificates (spec 16-19) ---------
+
+
+class CaCreate(BaseModel):
+    common_name: str = Field(min_length=1, max_length=200)
+    validity_days: int = Field(gt=0, le=36500)
+    key_algorithm: Literal["rsa3072", "rsa4096", "ecdsa-p256", "ecdsa-p384"]
+    organization: str | None = None
+    organizational_unit: str | None = None
+    country: str | None = Field(default=None, max_length=2)
+
+
+class ServerCertCreate(BaseModel):
+    """Issue a server certificate signed by an existing CA (spec 19)."""
+
+    ca_id: uuid.UUID
+    common_name: str = Field(min_length=1, max_length=200)
+    validity_days: int = Field(gt=0, le=36500)
+    dns_sans: list[str] = Field(default_factory=list)
+    ip_sans: list[str] = Field(default_factory=list)
+    organization: str | None = None
+    organizational_unit: str | None = None
+    country: str | None = Field(default=None, max_length=2)
+
+
+class CertificateOut(BaseModel):
+    """Inventory view — NEVER includes the private key (spec section 21)."""
+
+    id: uuid.UUID
+    common_name: str
+    is_ca: bool
+    parent_id: uuid.UUID | None
+    key_algorithm: str
+    serial_number: str
+    dns_sans: list[str]
+    ip_sans: list[str]
+    fingerprint: str
+    status: str
+    expiry_date: datetime
+    created_at: datetime
+
+    model_config = {"from_attributes": True}

backend/migrations/env.py

@@ -14,7 +14,12 @@ from app import models  # noqa: F401  (register all models with Base)
 config = context.config
 
 if config.config_file_name is not None:
+    # Our minimal alembic.ini intentionally has no [loggers]/[handlers]/
+    # [formatters] sections; fileConfig raises KeyError without them.
+    try:
         fileConfig(config.config_file_name)
+    except Exception:  # noqa: BLE001 - logging config is optional here
+        pass
 
 url = get_settings().database_url
 if url.startswith("postgresql://"):

backend/migrations/versions/r2_0002_pki.py

@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+"""Release 2: expand certificates table for CA/server-certificate PKI.
+
+Revision ID: r2_0002
+Revises: r1_0001
+Create Date: 2026-09-19
+"""
+from typing import Sequence, Union
+
+import sqlalchemy as sa
+from alembic import op
+
+revision: str = "r2_0002"
+down_revision: Union[str, None] = "r1_0001"
+branch_labels: Union[str, Sequence[str] | None] = None
+depends_on: Union[str, Sequence[str] | None] = None
+
+
+def upgrade() -> None:
+    # The certificates table exists since r1_0001 (forward-compatible
+    # placeholder). Release 2 adds CA semantics, hierarchy, SANs,
+    # serial/fingerprint identity, and a lifecycle status.
+    op.add_column("certificates", sa.Column("is_ca", sa.Boolean(), nullable=False, server_default=sa.false()))
+    op.add_column("certificates", sa.Column("parent_id", sa.Uuid(), nullable=True))
+    op.add_column("certificates", sa.Column("key_algorithm", sa.String(20), nullable=False, server_default="ecdsa-p256"))
+    # Serial numbers are unique per RFC 5280; existing rows have none, so
+    # the column is added nullable first, then made NOT NULL below (the
+    # table has never been written to, so no backfill is needed).
+    op.add_column("certificates", sa.Column("serial_number", sa.String(64), nullable=True))
+    op.add_column("certificates", sa.Column("dns_sans", sa.JSON(), nullable=False, server_default="[]"))
+    op.add_column("certificates", sa.Column("ip_sans", sa.JSON(), nullable=False, server_default="[]"))
+    op.add_column("certificates", sa.Column("fingerprint", sa.String(200), nullable=True))
+    op.add_column("certificates", sa.Column("status", sa.String(20), nullable=False, server_default="issued"))
+    op.create_foreign_key(
+        "fk_certificates_parent",
+        "certificates",
+        "certificates",
+        ["parent_id"],
+        ["id"],
+        ondelete="SET NULL",
+    )
+    # No rows exist yet in practice (table was never written to), so the
+    # unique index is safe; if a legacy row existed without a serial it
+    # must be removed manually first.
+    op.create_index("ix_certificates_serial_number", "certificates", ["serial_number"], unique=True)
+    op.create_index("ix_certificates_fingerprint", "certificates", ["fingerprint"])
+    op.alter_column("certificates", "serial_number", nullable=False)
+
+
+def downgrade() -> None:
+    op.alter_column("certificates", "serial_number", nullable=True)
+    op.drop_index("ix_certificates_fingerprint", table_name="certificates")
+    op.drop_index("ix_certificates_serial_number", table_name="certificates")
+    op.drop_constraint("fk_certificates_parent", "certificates", type_="foreignkey")
+    op.drop_column("certificates", "status")
+    op.drop_column("certificates", "fingerprint")
+    op.drop_column("certificates", "ip_sans")
+    op.drop_column("certificates", "dns_sans")
+    op.drop_column("certificates", "serial_number")
+    op.drop_column("certificates", "key_algorithm")
+    op.drop_column("certificates", "parent_id")
+    op.drop_column("certificates", "is_ca")

backend/pyproject.toml

@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ dependencies = [
     "paho-mqtt>=2.1",
     "python-multipart>=0.0.17",
     "httpx>=0.28",
+    "cryptography>=43.0",
 ]
 
 [project.optional-dependencies]

backend/tests/test_api.py

@@ -278,3 +278,105 @@ def test_audit_events_recorded(admin_client, db_session):
     admin_client.post("/api/v1/mqtt/clients", json={"username": "audited-1"})
     actions = db_session.scalars(select(AuditEvent.action)).all()
     assert "CLIENT_CREATED" in actions
+
+
+# --- PKI: CA + server certificates (spec sections 16-19) -----------------------
+
+
+def test_ca_creation_and_inventory(admin_client):
+    response = admin_client.post(
+        "/api/v1/pki/ca",
+        json={
+            "common_name": "MQTT Platform Root CA",
+            "validity_days": 3650,
+            "key_algorithm": "ecdsa-p256",
+        },
+    )
+    assert response.status_code == 201, response.text
+    ca = response.json()
+    assert ca["is_ca"] is True
+    assert ca["status"] == "issued"
+    assert len(ca["serial_number"]) > 10
+    assert ca["fingerprint"].count(":") == 31  # sha-256 hex pairs
+    # No private key material ever appears in a response.
+    assert "private_key_pem" not in ca
+    assert "BEGIN PRIVATE KEY" not in response.text
+
+    cas = admin_client.get("/api/v1/pki/ca").json()
+    assert any(c["common_name"] == "MQTT Platform Root CA" for c in cas)
+
+
+def test_server_certificate_issuance(admin_client):
+    ca_id = admin_client.post(
+        "/api/v1/pki/ca",
+        json={
+            "common_name": "Test CA",
+            "validity_days": 3650,
+            "key_algorithm": "ecdsa-p256",
+        },
+    ).json()["id"]
+
+    response = admin_client.post(
+        "/api/v1/pki/certificates",
+        json={
+            "ca_id": ca_id,
+            "common_name": "mqtt.example.local",
+            "validity_days": 365,
+            "dns_sans": ["mqtt", "mqtt.local"],
+            "ip_sans": ["10.20.30.40"],
+        },
+    )
+    assert response.status_code == 201, response.text
+    cert = response.json()
+    assert cert["is_ca"] is False
+    assert cert["parent_id"] == ca_id
+    assert cert["dns_sans"] == ["mqtt", "mqtt.local"]
+    assert cert["ip_sans"] == ["10.20.30.40"]
+    assert "BEGIN PRIVATE KEY" not in response.text
+
+    # The download endpoint returns the public PEM.
+    download = admin_client.get(f"/api/v1/pki/certificates/{cert['id']}/download")
+    assert download.status_code == 200
+    assert "BEGIN CERTIFICATE" in download.text
+    assert "PRIVATE KEY" not in download.text
+
+
+def test_server_certificate_is_cryptographically_valid(admin_client):
+    """The issued chain must verify against the issuing CA (real crypto)."""
+    from cryptography import x509
+    from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.asymmetric import ec
+
+    ca_id = admin_client.post(
+        "/api/v1/pki/ca",
+        json={
+            "common_name": "Verify CA",
+            "validity_days": 3650,
+            "key_algorithm": "ecdsa-p256",
+        },
+    ).json()["id"]
+    cert_id = admin_client.post(
+        "/api/v1/pki/certificates",
+        json={"ca_id": ca_id, "common_name": "broker.local", "validity_days": 30},
+    ).json()["id"]
+
+    ca_pem = admin_client.get(f"/api/v1/pki/certificates/{ca_id}/download").text
+    cert_pem = admin_client.get(f"/api/v1/pki/certificates/{cert_id}/download").text
+    ca_cert = x509.load_pem_x509_certificate(ca_pem.encode())
+    cert = x509.load_pem_x509_certificate(cert_pem.encode())
+
+    # Signature verification: the leaf must validate against the CA key.
+    ca_cert.public_key().verify(
+        cert.signature,
+        cert.tbs_certificate_bytes,
+        ec.ECDSA(cert.signature_hash_algorithm),
+    )
+    # Serial and fingerprint match the inventory fields.
+    inv = next(
+        c
+        for c in admin_client.get("/api/v1/pki/certificates").json()
+        if c["id"] == cert_id
+    )
+    assert int(inv["serial_number"]) == cert.serial_number
+    from app.pki import fingerprint as pki_fingerprint
+
+    assert inv["fingerprint"] == pki_fingerprint(cert_pem)

backend/tests/test_configgen.py

@@ -77,5 +77,76 @@ def test_tls_listener_without_pki_warns(session):
     session.commit()
 
     result = generate_config(session)
-    assert any("PKI is not available" in w for w in result.warnings)
+    assert any("no certificate is bound" in w for w in result.warnings)
     assert "tls_version tlsv1.2" in result.config_text
+
+
+def test_tls_listener_with_bound_certificate_emits_certfile(session):
+    """With PKI material bound, the generator emits real cert paths (spec 30)."""
+    from datetime import UTC, datetime
+
+    from app.crypto import encrypt_secret
+    from app.models import Certificate
+    from app.pki import create_ca, issue_server_certificate
+
+    ca_issued = create_ca(
+        common_name="Test CA", validity_days=3650, key_algorithm="ecdsa-p256"
+    )
+    ca = Certificate(
+        common_name="Test CA",
+        certificate_pem=ca_issued.certificate_pem,
+        private_key_pem=encrypt_secret(ca_issued.private_key_pem),
+        expiry_date=ca_issued.not_valid_after,
+        is_ca=True,
+        key_algorithm="ecdsa-p256",
+        serial_number=str(ca_issued.serial_number),
+        dns_sans=[],
+        ip_sans=[],
+        fingerprint="aa:bb",
+        status="issued",
+    )
+    session.add(ca)
+    session.flush()
+
+    leaf = issue_server_certificate(
+        ca_certificate_pem=ca_issued.certificate_pem,
+        ca_private_key_pem=ca_issued.private_key_pem,
+        common_name="broker.local",
+        validity_days=365,
+    )
+    cert = Certificate(
+        common_name="broker.local",
+        certificate_pem=leaf.certificate_pem,
+        private_key_pem=encrypt_secret(leaf.private_key_pem),
+        expiry_date=leaf.not_valid_after,
+        is_ca=False,
+        parent_id=ca.id,
+        key_algorithm="ecdsa-p256",
+        serial_number=str(leaf.serial_number),
+        dns_sans=["broker.local"],
+        ip_sans=[],
+        fingerprint="cc:dd",
+        status="issued",
+    )
+    session.add(cert)
+    session.flush()
+
+    session.add(
+        ListenerConfig(
+            name="tls-prod",
+            port=8883,
+            protocol="mqtt",
+            tls_enabled=True,
+            tls_min_version="tlsv1.2",
+            cert_id=cert.id,
+        )
+    )
+    session.commit()
+
+    result = generate_config(session)
+    text = result.config_text
+    assert f"certfile /mosquitto/certs/{cert.id}.crt" in text
+    assert f"keyfile /mosquitto/certs/{cert.id}.key" in text
+    assert f"cafile /mosquitto/certs/{ca.id}.crt" in text
+    assert "tls_version tlsv1.2" in text
+    assert result.warnings == []

compose.yaml

@@ -57,6 +57,9 @@ services:
       - mosquitto_config:/mosquitto/config
       - mosquitto_data:/mosquitto/data
       - mosquitto_log:/mosquitto/log
+      # Shared PKI material (spec §6): backend writes decrypted cert/key
+      # files here before a TLS config deploy; the broker reads them.
+      - mosquitto_certs:/mosquitto/certs
     networks:
       - backend-net
     ports:
@@ -120,8 +123,14 @@ services:
         condition: service_healthy
     environment:
       <<: *backend-env
+      # Where the backend publishes cert/key files for the broker (spec §6).
+      MOSQUITTO_CERTS_DIR: /mosquitto/certs
     volumes:
       - backend_data:/data
+      # Same volume the broker mounts at /mosquitto/certs — the deploy
+      # pipeline writes decrypted PEM files here (spec §29: files, not
+      # sockets).
+      - mosquitto_certs:/mosquitto/certs
     networks:
       - frontend-net
       - backend-net
@@ -157,6 +166,7 @@ volumes:
   mosquitto_config:
   mosquitto_data:
   mosquitto_log:
+  mosquitto_certs:
   backend_data:
 
 networks:

frontend/src/App.tsx

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import { ClientsPage } from "./pages/Clients";
 import { RolesPage } from "./pages/Roles";
 import { GroupsPage } from "./pages/Groups";
 import { BrokerConfigPage } from "./pages/BrokerConfig";
+import { CertificatesPage } from "./pages/Certificates";
 
 // Navigation structure per spec section 57. Entries with a `to` route are
 // implemented; entries without one are planned pages, rendered greyed out
@@ -36,11 +37,11 @@ const NAV_SECTIONS: {
   {
     title: "Certificates",
     items: [
-      { label: "Authorities", hint: "PKI (Release 2)" },
-      { label: "Server Certificates", hint: "PKI (Release 2)" },
-      { label: "Client Certificates", hint: "PKI (Release 2)" },
-      { label: "CSRs", hint: "CSR signing (Release 2)" },
-      { label: "Revocations", hint: "CRL management (Release 2)" },
+      { label: "Authorities", to: "/certificates" },
+      { label: "Server Certificates", to: "/certificates" },
+      { label: "Client Certificates", hint: "Client certs + one-time download (Release 2, later)" },
+      { label: "CSRs", hint: "CSR signing (Release 2, later)" },
+      { label: "Revocations", hint: "CRL management (Release 2, later)" },
     ],
   },
   {
@@ -149,6 +150,14 @@ export function App() {
           </Protected>
         }
       />
+      <Route
+        path="/certificates"
+        element={
+          <Protected>
+            <CertificatesPage />
+          </Protected>
+        }
+      />
       <Route path="/" element={<Navigate to="/clients" replace />} />
     </Routes>
   );

frontend/src/api.ts

@@ -162,6 +162,41 @@ export interface PasswordReset {
   password: string;
 }
 
+export interface Certificate {
+  id: string;
+  common_name: string;
+  is_ca: boolean;
+  parent_id: string | null;
+  key_algorithm: string;
+  serial_number: string;
+  dns_sans: string[];
+  ip_sans: string[];
+  fingerprint: string;
+  status: string;
+  expiry_date: string;
+  created_at: string;
+}
+
+export interface CaCreate {
+  common_name: string;
+  validity_days: number;
+  key_algorithm: "rsa3072" | "rsa4096" | "ecdsa-p256" | "ecdsa-p384";
+  organization?: string | null;
+  organizational_unit?: string | null;
+  country?: string | null;
+}
+
+export interface ServerCertCreate {
+  ca_id: string;
+  common_name: string;
+  validity_days: number;
+  dns_sans: string[];
+  ip_sans: string[];
+  organization?: string | null;
+  organizational_unit?: string | null;
+  country?: string | null;
+}
+
 export interface Listener {
   id: string;
   name: string;

frontend/src/pages/Certificates.tsx

@@ -0,0 +1,327 @@
+import { FormEvent, useState } from "react";
+import { useMutation, useQuery, useQueryClient } from "@tanstack/react-query";
+import { api, type Certificate } from "../api";
+
+const KEY_ALGORITHMS = ["rsa3072", "rsa4096", "ecdsa-p256", "ecdsa-p384"] as const;
+
+// --- CA creation form ---------------------------------------------------------
+
+function CaForm({ pending }: { pending: boolean }) {
+  const queryClient = useQueryClient();
+  const [cn, setCn] = useState("");
+  const [days, setDays] = useState(3650);
+  const [algorithm, setAlgorithm] = useState<(typeof KEY_ALGORITHMS)[number]>("ecdsa-p256");
+  const [org, setOrg] = useState("");
+  const [error, setError] = useState<string | null>(null);
+
+  const create = useMutation({
+    mutationFn: () =>
+      api.post<Certificate>("/pki/ca", {
+        common_name: cn,
+        validity_days: days,
+        key_algorithm: algorithm,
+        organization: org || null,
+      }),
+    onSuccess: () => {
+      setCn("");
+      setError(null);
+      queryClient.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: ["cas"] });
+      queryClient.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: ["certificates"] });
+    },
+    onError: (e: Error) => setError(e.message),
+  });
+
+  const submit = (e: FormEvent) => {
+    e.preventDefault();
+    if (cn) create.mutate();
+  };
+
+  return (
+    <form className="stack" onSubmit={submit}>
+      {error && <div className="banner error">{error}</div>}
+      <div style={{ display: "flex", gap: "0.5rem", flexWrap: "wrap", alignItems: "flex-end" }}>
+        <div>
+          <label>Common name</label>
+          <input
+            value={cn}
+            onChange={(e) => setCn(e.target.value)}
+            placeholder="MQTT Platform Root CA"
+          />
+        </div>
+        <div>
+          <label>Validity (days)</label>
+          <input
+            type="number"
+            value={days}
+            min={1}
+            max={36500}
+            onChange={(e) => setDays(Number(e.target.value))}
+          />
+        </div>
+        <div>
+          <label>Key algorithm</label>
+          <select value={algorithm} onChange={(e) => setAlgorithm(e.target.value as (typeof KEY_ALGORITHMS)[number])}>
+            {KEY_ALGORITHMS.map((a) => (
+              <option key={a} value={a}>
+                {a}
+              </option>
+            ))}
+          </select>
+        </div>
+        <div>
+          <label>Organization</label>
+          <input value={org} onChange={(e) => setOrg(e.target.value)} placeholder="optional" />
+        </div>
+        <button className="primary" disabled={!cn || pending} type="submit">
+          {pending ? "Generating…" : "Create internal CA"}
+        </button>
+      </div>
+    </form>
+  );
+}
+
+// --- Server certificate issuance form ------------------------------------------
+
+function ServerCertForm({
+  cas,
+  pending,
+}: {
+  cas: Certificate[];
+  pending: boolean;
+}) {
+  const queryClient = useQueryClient();
+  const [caId, setCaId] = useState("");
+  const [cn, setCn] = useState("");
+  const [days, setDays] = useState(365);
+  const [dns, setDns] = useState("");
+  const [ips, setIps] = useState("");
+  const [error, setError] = useState<string | null>(null);
+
+  const issue = useMutation({
+    mutationFn: () =>
+      api.post<Certificate>("/pki/certificates", {
+        ca_id: caId,
+        common_name: cn,
+        validity_days: days,
+        dns_sans: dns.split(",").map((s) => s.trim()).filter(Boolean),
+        ip_sans: ips.split(",").map((s) => s.trim()).filter(Boolean),
+      }),
+    onSuccess: () => {
+      setCn("");
+      setDns("");
+      setIps("");
+      setError(null);
+      queryClient.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: ["certificates"] });
+    },
+    onError: (e: Error) => setError(e.message),
+  });
+
+  const submit = (e: FormEvent) => {
+    e.preventDefault();
+    if (cn && caId) issue.mutate();
+  };
+
+  if (cas.length === 0) {
+    return (
+      <p style={{ color: "#52606d" }}>
+        No CA exists yet — create a certificate authority first; server
+        certificates are signed by one.
+      </p>
+    );
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <form className="stack" onSubmit={submit}>
+      {error && <div className="banner error">{error}</div>}
+      <div style={{ display: "flex", gap: "0.5rem", flexWrap: "wrap", alignItems: "flex-end" }}>
+        <div>
+          <label>Signing CA</label>
+          <select value={caId} onChange={(e) => setCaId(e.target.value)}>
+            <option value="">select CA…</option>
+            {cas.map((ca) => (
+              <option key={ca.id} value={ca.id}>
+                {ca.common_name} ({ca.key_algorithm})
+              </option>
+            ))}
+          </select>
+        </div>
+        <div>
+          <label>Common name</label>
+          <input
+            value={cn}
+            onChange={(e) => setCn(e.target.value)}
+            placeholder="mqtt.example.local"
+          />
+        </div>
+        <div>
+          <label>Validity (days)</label>
+          <input
+            type="number"
+            value={days}
+            min={1}
+            max={36500}
+            onChange={(e) => setDays(Number(e.target.value))}
+          />
+        </div>
+        <div>
+          <label>DNS SANs (comma-separated)</label>
+          <input value={dns} onChange={(e) => setDns(e.target.value)} placeholder="mqtt, mqtt.local" />
+        </div>
+        <div>
+          <label>IP SANs (comma-separated)</label>
+          <input value={ips} onChange={(e) => setIps(e.target.value)} placeholder="10.20.30.40" />
+        </div>
+        <button className="primary" disabled={!cn || !caId || pending} type="submit">
+          {pending ? "Issuing…" : "Issue server certificate"}
+        </button>
+      </div>
+    </form>
+  );
+}
+
+// --- Inventory table -----------------------------------------------------------
+
+function expiryClass(expiry: string): string | null {
+  const days = (new Date(expiry).getTime() - Date.now()) / 86400000;
+  if (days < 0) return "banner error";
+  if (days < 30) return "banner warn";
+  return null;
+}
+
+export function CertificatesPage() {
+  const queryClient = useQueryClient();
+  const [error, setError] = useState<string | null>(null);
+
+  const cas = useQuery({
+    queryKey: ["cas"],
+    queryFn: () => api.get<Certificate[]>("/pki/ca"),
+  });
+  const certificates = useQuery({
+    queryKey: ["certificates"],
+    queryFn: () => api.get<Certificate[]>("/pki/certificates"),
+  });
+
+  const remove = useMutation({
+    mutationFn: (id: string) => api.delete(`/pki/certificates/${id}`),
+    onSuccess: () => {
+      queryClient.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: ["cas"] });
+      queryClient.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: ["certificates"] });
+    },
+    onError: (e: Error) => setError(e.message),
+  });
+
+  const caList = cas.data ?? [];
+
+  return (
+    <div>
+      <h2>Certificate authorities</h2>
+      <p>
+        Internal CAs sign all platform-issued certificates. Private keys are
+        stored encrypted (AES-256-GCM) and never leave the backend; only the
+        public certificate is downloadable.
+      </p>
+      {(cas.error || certificates.error) && (
+        <div className="banner error">
+          {((cas.error ?? certificates.error) as Error).message}
+        </div>
+      )}
+      {error && <div className="banner error">{error}</div>}
+
+      <CaForm pending={cas.isFetching && false} />
+
+      {caList.length === 0 ? (
+        <p style={{ color: "#52606d" }}>No CA yet — create one above.</p>
+      ) : (
+        <table style={{ marginTop: "1.5rem" }}>
+          <thead>
+            <tr>
+              <th>Common name</th>
+              <th>Algorithm</th>
+              <th>Serial</th>
+              <th>Expires</th>
+              <th></th>
+            </tr>
+          </thead>
+          <tbody>
+            {caList.map((ca) => (
+              <tr key={ca.id}>
+                <td>{ca.common_name}</td>
+                <td className="mono">{ca.key_algorithm}</td>
+                <td className="mono">{ca.serial_number.slice(0, 16)}…</td>
+                <td>{new Date(ca.expiry_date).toLocaleDateString()}</td>
+                <td>
+                  <a href={`/api/v1/pki/certificates/${ca.id}/download`}>Download PEM</a>{" "}
+                  <button
+                    className="danger"
+                    onClick={() => {
+                      if (confirm(`Delete CA ${ca.common_name} and its stored key?`))
+                        remove.mutate(ca.id);
+                    }}
+                  >
+                    Delete
+                  </button>
+                </td>
+              </tr>
+            ))}
+          </tbody>
+        </table>
+      )}
+
+      <h3 style={{ marginTop: "2rem" }}>Server certificates</h3>
+      <ServerCertForm cas={caList} pending={certificates.isFetching && false} />
+
+      <table style={{ marginTop: "1.5rem" }}>
+        <thead>
+            <tr>
+              <th>Common name</th>
+              <th>Signed by</th>
+              <th>SANs</th>
+              <th>Status</th>
+              <th>Expires</th>
+              <th></th>
+            </tr>
+        </thead>
+        <tbody>
+          {(certificates.data ?? [])
+            .filter((c) => !c.is_ca)
+            .map((c) => {
+              const signer = caList.find((ca) => ca.id === c.parent_id);
+              return (
+                <tr key={c.id}>
+                  <td>{c.common_name}</td>
+                  <td>{signer ? signer.common_name : "—"}</td>
+                  <td className="mono">
+                    {[...c.dns_sans, ...c.ip_sans].join(", ") || "—"}
+                  </td>
+                  <td>{c.status}</td>
+                  <td className={expiryClass(c.expiry_date) ?? undefined}>
+                    {new Date(c.expiry_date).toLocaleDateString()}
+                  </td>
+                  <td>
+                    <a href={`/api/v1/pki/certificates/${c.id}/download`}>
+                      Download PEM
+                    </a>{" "}
+                    <button
+                      className="danger"
+                      onClick={() => {
+                        if (confirm(`Delete certificate ${c.common_name}?`))
+                          remove.mutate(c.id);
+                      }}
+                    >
+                      Delete
+                    </button>
+                  </td>
+                </tr>
+              );
+            })}
+        </tbody>
+      </table>
+      {(certificates.data ?? []).filter((c) => !c.is_ca).length === 0 && (
+        <p style={{ color: "#52606d" }}>
+          No server certificates yet. Issue one above, then bind it to a TLS
+          listener in Broker configuration.
+        </p>
+      )}
+    </div>
+  );
+}